White papers

Functional safety, explained properly.

Long-form papers for people who need SIL to make sense — not as jargon, but as an engineering story they can use on a real project.

Start with What Is SIL?, then the Three Gates, then the Markov methods paper. Then open the Knowledge Hub, try the PFD calculator, or walk a worked example in SIL verification.

Editorial illustration for What Is SIL white paper
SIL fundamentals

What Is SIL?

A beginner-friendly story of Safety Integrity Level — what it means, what it does not mean, and how SIL 1–4 connect to risk reduction in IEC 61508 and IEC 61511.

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Editorial illustration for Three Gates to SIL white paper
SIL verification

The Three Gates to SIL

Why a good PFDavg number is not enough. Probabilistic performance, architecture and systematic capability — and why the weakest gate governs the claim.

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Five connected state cards with a dashed common-cause path, illustrating a Markov model of 2oo3 voting
Quantitative methods · New

The 5% That Decides Your 2oo3

Markov modelling for functional safety: a five-state model of 2oo3 voting, solved two ways, and why a 5% common-cause assumption makes PFDavg 48.5× worse.

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